Biography of Jack Kilby, Inventor of the Microchip

Electrical engineer Jack Kilby invented the integrated circuit, also known as the microchip. A microchip  is a set of interconnected electronic components such as transistors and resistors that are etched or imprinted onto a tiny chip of a semiconducting material, such as silicon or germanium. The microchip shrunk the size and cost of making electronics and impacted the future designs of all computers and other electronics. The first successful demonstration of the microchip was on September 12, 1958. The Life of Jack Kilby Jack Kilby was born on November 8 1923 in Jefferson City, Missouri.  Kilby was raised in Great Bend, Kansas. He earned a B.S. degree in electrical engineering from the University of Illinois and a M.S. degree in electrical engineering from the University of Wisconsin. In 1947, he began working for Globe Union of Milwaukee, where he designed ceramic silk-screen circuits for electronic devices. In 1958, Jack Kilby began working for Texas Instruments of Dallas, where he invented the microchip. Kilby died on June 20, 2005 in Dallas, Texas. Jack Kilbys Honors and Positions From 1978 to 1984, Jack Kilby was a Distinguished Professor of Electrical Engineering at Texas AM University. In 1970, Kilby received the National Medal of Science. In 1982, Jack Kilby was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame. The Kilby Awards Foundation, which annually honors individuals for achievements in science, technology, and education, was established by Jack Kilby. Most notably, Jack Kilby was awarded the 2000 Nobel Prize for Physics for his work on the integrated circuit. Jack Kilbys Other Inventions Jack Kilby has been awarded more than sixty patents for his inventions. Using the microchip, Jack Kilby designed and co-invented the first pocket-sized calculator called the Pocketronic. He also invented the thermal printer that was used in portable data terminals. For many years Kilby was involved in the invention of solar powered devices.

Human Resource Management, Wages and Salaries - 3036 Words

Introduction Human Resource Management is a distinctive approach to employment management which seeks to achieve competitive advantage through the strategic deployment of a highly committed and capable workforce, using an integrated array of cultural, structural and personnel techniques. Extensive training and culture management programs, individualized reward management systems, as well as a range of employee involvement mechanisms, all operate towards achieving enhanced employee contribution. It is a whole range of notions on management theory, style and practice. Perhaps most usefully considered as a generic term that covers the entirety of work organization, working terms and conditions and representational systems, HRM can be depicted†¦show more content†¦This concept of the relationship between an employee and the organization has been accepted and noted in many different forums, including academic journals; practitioner journals; and management textbooks (De Meuse Marks 2003). While an employees formal employment contract always is based on a written document, the types of promises contained in an employees psychological contract typically are communicated in ways that do not involve written documentation. For example, an employees understanding of the psychological contract may be influenced by oral discussions with managers, recruiters, or other organizational representatives and construed from specific organizational practices and procedures. Because of the pervasive norms of reciprocity that are part of any exchange agreement between an individual and his or her organization, an individual often expects, seeks out, and creates a psychological contract as a means for understanding and representing the employment relationship with the employer (De Meuse Marks 2003). Organizations can respond to an employees psychological contract to varying degrees, including going beyond the conditions of the contract, thereby honoring the intent rather than the letter of the contract; complying with the contractShow MoreRelatedThe Human Resource Management ( Hrm ) Position Specific Education1595 Words   |  7 Pageson a human resource management (HRM) position specific education and requirements need to be meet. A bachelor’s degree is the education needed to obtain a job for this occupation. Most bachelor programs for human resource management take four years to complete (Human Resources Management Degree, 2003). With a bachelor’s degree it will give the tools that are expected to enter a variety of business settings (7 Essential Questions, 2015). A bachelor of arts or a bachelor of science in human resourceRead MoreEqual Wage Essay1046 Words   |  5 Pagesand women’s wages are equalized. It is clear that the business case, as well as the legislative case, has a significant role to play (Commission Policy Report). There are some factors which stop or slow equal pay for genders. These are behavioral factors, corporate culture and policies, human resource practices and social and environmental factors (Giapponi and McEvoy, 2006). Behavioral factors are related with lack of awareness of pay inequity. Women do not aware or do not mind wage inequity becauseRead MoreComparison Of Public Human Resource Management Between China And United States1684 Words   |  7 PagesComparison of Public Human Resource Management between China and United States In nowadays, people pay more and more attention to the government’s central position in the economy and the society. An effective government, regarding to the economy, the society and even the government development is absolutely necessary. The various countries experience indicated that, an effective government surely is a function limited government, behavior legally achievement government, authority multi- centersRead MoreComparison of Public Human Resource Management Between China and United States1697 Words   |  7 PagesComparison of Public Human Resource Management between China and United States In nowadays, people pay more and more attention to the government’s central position in the economy and the society. An effective government, regarding to the economy, the society and even the government development is absolutely necessary. The various countries experience indicated that, an effective government surely is a function limited government, behavior legally achievement government, authority multi- centersRead MoreHuman Resources Management– Case Study1421 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Resources Management– Case Study Human resource management refers to a series of human resources policies and the corresponding management activities. These activities include corporate human resources strategy, employee recruitment and selection, training and development, performance management, compensation management, staff flow management, employee relationship management, employee safety and health management, etc. Namely: enterprise modern management method, is used to obtain (candidate)Read MoreThe Fair Labor Standards Act Essay1747 Words   |  7 Pageswork week and minimum wage. Initially, the minimum wage was $0.25 per hour, along with a maximum workweek of 44 hours for the first year, 42 for the second year and 40 thereafter. Minimum wages of $0.25 per hour were established for the first year, $0.30 for the second year, and $0.40 over a period of the next six years. Other provisions set standards for overtime compensation and banned products of child labor from interstate commerce. A Wage and Hour Division (WHD)Read MoreMBA semester 1 assignments970 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Get Answers of following Questions on www,smuhelp.com Master of Business Administration- MBA Semester 1 Winter 2013 MB0038 - Management Process and Organizational Behaviour Q1. What do you mean by Span of Control? Differentiate between narrow span of control and wide span of control. Describe the factors that influence the span of control. Q2. Define the term controlling. What are the pre-requisites of effective control? Q3. Define the term ‘personality’. Describe Cattell’s Personality FactorRead MoreHr Theories of Motivation1667 Words   |  7 PagesAnother possible investment is improving the way a company manages its people – tends to receive less attention. Human Resource Management is very important for business as it involves a variety of activities that deal with the ‘human side of organisation’ (Griffiths and Wall, 2005). Armstrong claims (1999) that â€Å"HRM can be regarded as†¦ a strategic and cohered approach to the management of an organization’s most values assets - the people working there who individually and collectively contributeRead MoreAssignment1202 Words   |  5 PagesCompensation Management in corporates amp; components of compensation | By Regu Krishnan   Dy. Manager Ford India    | Introduction:- The increasing competitiveness of the labour market and turnover of employees had resulted in nightmare in compensation planning. Apart from this, the growing demands of the employees and competitive salaries offered by multinational companies had almost resulted in a compensation war in certain industries. Therefore, the human resources managers andRead MoreCompensation Management : Employee Management Essay1544 Words   |  7 Pages1. COMPENSATION MANAGEMENT In employment contract, the most important term is the remuneration package that goes with labour service. According to International Labour Organization (ILO), describes remuneration as payment system based on effort, productivity and performance. In actual facts remuneration refers to salary or wage and all allowances and financial benefits payable to a worker either in kind or cash in return for his price of labour. In actual facts, employees work or labour to procure

Manager Free Essays

Gilson Christelle 13, Avenue Walckiers, 1160 Auderghem, Belgium Tel: +32496120463 e-mail : gilsonchristelle@hotmail. com Born Sept 02nd 1974, Single Summary: – European Market Development Manager. – European Technical and Development Manager for 4 plants producing 60000 tons of Polyethylen stretch film. We will write a custom essay sample on Manager or any similar topic only for you Order Now – Second year International Executive Master Business Administration. – Team player with strong motivational skills, smiling. Professional Experience 02/2000 ( now Illinois Tool Works Inc. ITW Mima Packaging System, part of the multinational company Illinois Tool Works Inc. is a world leader in Stretch oriented packaging technology and innovation. The company manufactures both stretch wrapping machinery and stretch film.The group has 4 European plants producing and converting stretch film. The headquarter is located in Strassen in Luxemburg. Web site: http://www. itwmima. eu 06/2010 – now ITW Mima headquarter, European Market Development Manager. Main responsibilities: ? Investigation of new markets, new applications in collaboration with the sales teams and raw material suppliers to develop new applications in the packaging system selling approach (film machine). Discover hidden customer needs via Blueprinting program: customer interviews. – Develop and maintain an in-depth knowledge of key markets and competitors via market and competitors research. – Investigation on new raw material. – Responsible for the packaging optimisation center in Virton (Belgium). 07/2004 – 06/2010 ITW Mima headquarter, European Technical and Development Manager. Main responsibilities: ? Management of the RD department for 4 plants located in Europe : Waterford ( Ireland), Gorey ( Ireland), Whiel (Germany), Virton ( Belgium) : – RD budget plan management, long range plan management.Development and implementation of new formulations. – Implementation of the same production standard (product), quality control system in the 4 plants. – Support of all technical activities with manufacturing managers to optimise the production: increase material efficiency, uptime, decrease quality complaints, returns. – Coaching of 5 subordinates: lab technicians, engineer. ? Product management: item list – Kan Ban – Product line simplification (PLS). 07/2001 – 06/2004 Mima Films, Belgium, Technical and Development Manager. Main responsibilities: Development of new generation of stretch film: oriented thin film (7 µ). ? Management of projects from elaboration to implementation. ? Technical assistance to customers. ? Responsible for the lab quality in Ireland Germany: coach 2 subordinates, supervision of the test results, processing of the results, establish customer specifications for all new products. ? Develop and maintain an in-depth knowledge of key markets and competitors. ? Responsible for quality: complaints, ISO9001 version 2000, internal auditor. Responsible for all environmental aspects of the company: ISO14000. 2/2000 – 07/2001 Mima Films, Belgium, Quality and Development engineer. Main responsibilities: ? Developments of new formulations for high performance cast and blown film. Test and evaluation of all new resins on the market (metallocen, octen, hexen,†¦). ?Responsible for the lab quality: coach 2 subordinates, supervision of the test results, processing of the results, establish customer specifications for all new products. ? Control quality problems and install corrective actions in the plant to decrease the percentage of return. Follow the tracability of a complaint. Responsible for the ISO 9001certification for the plants of Belgium and Ireland. Ensure all procedures are up dated and followed: internal audits. Prepare the site for the new standard version 2000. 10/1998(02/2000 Test-Achats, Belgium. Test-Achats, subsidiary company of Conseur, European group for the consumer defence. Web site: http://www. test-achats. be 10/1998-02/2000 Test-Achats, Belgium, Project officer, energy sector. Main responsibilities: ? Responsible for the test relating to the energy sector (isolation, heating systems, electricity cost,†¦).Set up the test scheme, look for appropriated laboratories, process the lab results and evaluation of the results. 07/1997(09/1998 Fina Research, Belgium. European research center of the worldwide petroleum company TotalFinaElf. Web site: http://www. totalfinaelf. com 07/1997-06/1998 Fina Research,Feluy, industrial engineer, elastomer department. Main responsibilities: ? Research and develop new stabilisations (antioxidant) for a SBS grade: test of different stabilisations on the roll mill, on spectrometer.Analyses of mechanical properties: dart impact, Brabender test, elongation, tear resistance. ? Study of dynamic properties for SBS grades. ? Chemical analyses. 06/1998-09/1998 Fina Research,Feluy, industrial engineer, asphalt department. Main responsibilities: ? Rheological study: development new procedure for the viscosity measurement of road asphalt (bitumen). Use of Universal Dynamic Spectrometer (UDS). Education 1992 (1997 Industrial engineer (industrial chemistry  : orientation polymers); Institut superieur industriel de Bruxelles (ISIB). Degree  : distinction. 009 ( 2011 International Executive MBA Louvain School of Management Belgium Languages/Computing Languages ? French: Native language ? English: Fluent ? Dutch: medium knowledge ? German: basic knowledge Computing ? Microsoft office Interests ? Sports: tennis, dance. ? Travels. ? Study trips: – 10/2009 â€Å"Management information system† Corvinus University Budapest Hungary – 05/2010 â€Å"Cross Cultural Management† Jiatong University Shanghai China. – 10/2010 â€Å"Doing Business in Brazil† USP University Sao Paulo Brazil How to cite Manager, Papers Manager Free Essays string(37) " staff call to receive good results\." â€Å"All managers should be leaders, but not all leaders should be managers. † Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Support your position. Yes, I agree about that. We will write a custom essay sample on Manager or any similar topic only for you Order Now Let’s talk about what is manager and what is leader first? Manager is someone who coordinates and oversees the work of other people so that organization goals can be accomplished. Leader is someone who can influence others and who has managerial authority. There is difference between leaders and managers. Managing is about efficiency. Leading is about effectiveness. Managing is about how. Leading is about what and why. Management is about systems, controls, procedures, policies, and structure. Leadership is about trust — about people. Leadership is about innovating and initiating. Management is about copying, about managing the status quo. Leadership is creative, adaptive, and agile. Leadership looks at the horizon, not just the bottom line. How to become a leader, not just a manager? This requires managers to make the appropriate changes and adjustments in the role. This shift consists of three (3) levels: From strategists to â€Å"vision† From the conductor to the storyteller Change from a system builder From strategists to â€Å"vision† From this level of the strategy have already seen that a considerable number of managers have their work on how to construct an enterprise system, what kind of way to achieve corporate goals, so they stressed that the strategy and tactics. But today, more emphasis on a vision, it is more important than strategy. Because the strategy itself has a lot of uncertainty, if you try the strategy to attract some followers, often may not be able to achieve their goals. People how to do things for the leader was not interested, but if the leader to subordinates show a vision is a grand blueprint, this time, people are willing to follow the leader to share this glory. So a good vision, you should have four (4) conditions. ? Ideality A good vision should be consistent with an expectation for the future, has a good incentive. It could create a proud, self-esteem, vitality and a sense of accomplishment. ? Measurable A good vision should have a standard of excellence reflects the height of the ideal. ? Unity Vision to meet the company’s history, culture and values agree. Attract An exciting vision can cause widespread concern. In order to facilitate memory, the corporate vision can be expressed in simple language. For example, Sony’s vision is to experience the joy of a progress, and the use of the most beneficial technology to the public; Wal-Mart to let ordinary people have the opportunity to buy the same thing with the rich; there we are familiar with Disneyland, their vision is four words: to bring people laughter. Besides this, a good leader must have passion, integrity, trust, curiosity, daring. From the conductor to the storyteller In fact, the role of adjustment with the first relationship, a strategic leader in the layout of the tasks is ordered. Vision type of leader is not the same; he in fact is induced in a source of inspiration to achieve their goals. The leader said that the vision of style, way of communicating instead of command. Of course, this also requires some skill. Tell a story of leadership often heartwarming story to inspire the morale of the staff, even under the embrace of vision, but in turn if the story you speak do not have anything interesting you would be very difficult to encourage a group of people to achieve the target. In fact, the best story is about some of the problems of your own, including some of your personal problems, including some of the issues in your organization, including your own experience, that is, from the nature of the problem. For example, who you are today in what the status, the future of enterprise is what kind of goals to be reached. These problems can be a reflection of the leader’s way of thinking and values; it is to face reality and a vision of the future vision. But the storyteller has it must pay attention, that is to do practice what they preach. Change from a system builder This shift is related in front of the two elements. If the leader is the spread of ideas is well known, we are already familiar with, that does not require you to do. In this sense, one of the important responsibilities of a leader lies in change and innovation. To play a creating and destroying the role, undermine the purpose is to create better. ————————————————- Panasonic – A success story in developing leaders Konosuke Matsushita Panasonic electrical products in the world market have long been famous at home and abroad the business community as the â€Å"god of management† company founder Konosuke Matsushita. Now, Matsushita Electric Corporation has been included in the ranking among the world’s 50 largest companies, we can see that its strength is strong, the huge business empire. Panasonic  has been able to  today,  is  inseparable from  and  Matsushita well managed and well run. He is a visionary leadership’s leader. Matsushita Electric Corporation, with about the same time, founded by the U. S. General Motors Corporation, telegraph and telephone companies are to compare, you will find these companies due to lack of vitality and fall on the Panasonic can be said that an important factor in the success of Matsushita Electric Corporation â€Å"spiritual values† at work. The Matsushita’s provisions of the company’s activities are: â€Å"a clear understanding of the responsibility of the industrialist, to encourage progress and promote the welfare of society as a whole, is committed to the prosperity and development of world culture. At the same time, Matsushita Electric Corporation using the Reward Power means the power to give positive benefits or reward to the employee/ staff. The proposal bonus system is very unique company not only positive and encouraging employees to the company at any time suggestions, and election by the workers set up a committee to promote the provision of construction, wide staff call to receive good results. You read "Manager" in category "Essay examples" The Matsushita Basic Business Philosophy consists of three elements. Basic Management Objective – expresses the corporate goals of the company: â€Å"Recognizing our responsibilities as industrialist, we will devote ourselves to the progress and development of society and the well being of people through our business activities, thereby enhancing the quality of life throughout the world. † Company Creed – expresses the basic attitude of employees to their daily work: â€Å"Progress and development can only be realized through the combined efforts and cooperation of each employee of our company. United in spirit, we pledge to perform our corporate duties with dedication, diligence and integrity. † The Seven Principles – set the standard for the employees’ proper mental attitude for their daily work: Contribution to society; Fairness and Honesty; Cooperation and Team Spirit; Untiring Effort for Improvement; Courtesy and Humility; Adaptability; Gratitude. – Outstanding leadership to wake up the others inherent life. – From life in order to generate an endless supply of creativity and economic outcomes. ————————————————- Intel’s Leadership Intel’s president and chief executive Andy Kleen, inevitably he excels in the management of often saying: â€Å"we have to do is to let employees have a negative emotional and sabotage state. Indeed, as an outstanding leader is not a simple matter, following consolidate the excellent leadership of the 10 from all walks of life, to experience their â€Å"authority of the secret†. Facing a tough challenge As the term of the new leadership took office, will certainly face a variety of challenges, â€Å"A new broom sweeps clean†, this fire burning up is not an easy thing. Not familiar with the original system under the mismatch, but also deal in all kinds of relationships which, without a certain courage of your convictions is difficult to withstand such pressure, according to the analysis of these experienced leaders to do The first thing is to get rid of this fear of hardship, see the situation as soon as possible to control their own location, and clearly understand what is the first thing to do, then, face the facts, take the initiative! Purification team As a leader, to let subordinate their own produce the psychology of a trust. Is the first to establish a style. Central figure should have a strong sense of responsibility can guarantee that the team is a problem when the courage to take responsibility. Often subordinate to the higher level of psychological feelings are built on the basis of mutual trust and rely on. Establish their own authority, began to ensure that their rights must be subordinate to an affirmation. Malicious â€Å"dissidents† is to eliminate certain from the team which you cannot leave remnants, Mathias both, reward and punishment. Actively communicate Have always believed, did not solve the problem. But the ways and means of communication cannot be ignored. Outstanding leadership has never been good at using the medium of e-mail and the like, they were convinced that face-to-face communication is the most reliable and effective. Location usually in the coffee shop, or relaxing cafes. Remember that the exchange is not alone the speech, mutual communication is the key. Was not an easy topic in a relaxed environment with a relaxed tone, to explore, have the effect may be beyond the imagination! To maintain self- A lot of leadership in order to coordinate the whole team members’ views into the first. This way of thinking and ideas and there are no errors, however, should always be borne in mind, he is the soul of the whole team. Should always keep the self. Not because of other worries slowly losing principle. Abraham Lincoln is an immortal, the great leader of his political enemies all the time. However, no matter how those who oppose him, he is still convinced that the concept of the North-South reunification can not be changed. Most a firm and an excellent leader and mastermind, do not lose self is to ensure the realization of the fundamental self-worth! Most managers would like to evolve into leaders, but relatively few do. For managers to evolve into leaders, they must develop six essential attributes as enumerated by the motivational guru John Di Frances. These are creating and sharing a vision, setting high standards, living those high standards and mentoring those who follow, making hard choices where necessary, being visible and out front and instilling hope in those who follow. These attributes are not inherited, nor are people born with them; they are battle scars earned from experience and proven in the time of adversity. Managers who go through this trial by fire acquire these attributes and evolve into effective leaders who have a deep commitment to their cause and the best interests of others uppermost in their mind. Managers typically focus on getting things done and are evaluated on the results they produce on measurable lines. They are the movers amongst the organization and play the role of multipliers who help steer the company’s course. The unquantifiable element in a manager’s role is that of leadership- and this makes them most effective in producing results which are long term sustainable and repeatable. A good leader ensures the progress of the team and business interests before him. He places his focus on what needs to be done. His thinking is strategic and focused on objectives. And once he sets the course he motivates, mentors and empowers his team to walk ahead bringing out their best while he walks behind in support of their efforts. Conclusion A good leader must have passion, integrity, trust, curiosity, daring. The Matsushita Basic Business Philosophy. Recently, I watched a movie a about The Pursuit of Happiness. This movie is a few years old ago. However it is as awesome as ever! Based on the true story of Chris Gardener who goes through a series of soul-sickening failures and defeats, missed opportunities and screw ups to not let anything stop him†¦ to not complain and let any considerations get in his way†¦ in the end he succeeds†¦ wow, very inspiring. The Pursuit of Happiness  is a part of Leadership Movies, a series of films with leadership themes. In that movie, I learn 2 things that are: – . Persistence is key Although Chris faced many setbacks in the movie, he never stopped trying. His persistence gave him success eventually. 2. Have hunger for success Chris had extreme hunger for success in his life, and it contributed to his persistence. He had lost everything in his life, and it was his hunger to get out of the rut that brought him to his eventual success. Total Word: 2177words References LEADERSHIP LESSONS Charlie’s Blog 2011 http://web. me. com/calter/Site/Blog/Entries/2011/12/26_Leadership_Lessons. html 3 pieces of advice or traits Charlie Alter 2011 http://www. focus. com/questions/what-are-3-pieces-advice-traits-help-manager-become-leader/ The Difference: Leader or Manager? Anonymous 2009 http://pattyinglishms. hubpages. com/hub/Manager-Leader Are You a Manager, a Leader, or Both? Jill Geisler 2011 http://www. poynter. org/how-tos/leadership-management/what-great-bosses-know/21563/are-you-a-manager-a-leader-or-both/ Leadership Anonymous unknown http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Leadership From Manager to  Leader Leslie L. Kossoff unknown http://management. about. com/od/leadership/a/FromMgr2Ldr05. tm Leadership vs. Management Anonymous 2012 http://changingminds. org/disciplines/leadership/articles/manager_leader. htm Leader  vs  Manage Anonymous unknown http://www. futurevisions. org/ldr_mgr. htm Leadership Movies Anonymous 2011 http://www. leadership-with-you. com/leadership-movies-pursuit-of-happyness. html Matsushita Leadership John P. Kotter 2011 http://www. 1000ventures. com/business_guide/cs_biz_lead ers_matsushita. html Panasonic – A success story in developing leaders Nurul Jameela  unknown http://www. curtin. edu. my/cya/view. php? id=30 How to cite Manager, Essay examples

Transformational and Charismatic Leadership †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Transformational and Charismatic Leadership. Answer: Introduction In 2012-2013, the Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey pointed out some health issues faced by Australias indigenous community(ABS, 2013). The data collected by the Australian Health Survey (AHS) revealed unusual health issues among the Aborigines who are Australias indigenous communities. The research compared Aborigines in remote and those in non-remote areas. With a population of 9,300, the survey made conclusive remarks about their blood, urine, nutritional and chronic health tests. Its key findings identified a health trend of chronic illnesses in the group and well as unhealthy behavioral patterns. Its outcome also highlighted poor health caused by poor nutrition, and lifestyles diseases like diabetes and addictions. The group detailed findings for different age groups including adults, teenagers and children. It made a record of health related conditions, disabilities, alcohol and drug abuse, social and emotional wellbeing, cultural identification, wo mens health and family stressors among others. Linked to demographic measures of age, diet, blood pressure, substance use, health status, food security among others, the findings confirmed researchers fears of general health effects, long-term conditions, and health risk factors on Aborigines(Lorina, 2016). The results showed that 67.4% had long tern health effects, 35.7% had disabilities and 30.1% of adults had psychological depression. 18.0% engaged in alcohol and risky behavior while family stressors affected 73.4%. Research highlights the importance of nature and nurture in the complete development of the Aboriginal community in Australia(Taylor Kukutai, 2016). In 1950-1960, the Maralinga Nuclear Testing by the British adversely affected the indigenous people in Australia(SBS, 2014). Dreaming trucks sent to Maralinga a dwelling place for the Aborigines had radioactive material Plutonium used for nuclear tests. This has dangerous reactors that blinded animals living in the environment. Its components, the actinide is harmful to people living in overpopulated areas, it causes body defects, health complications, cancers, and it lowers the immune system. The deliberate exposure of the Aborigine to an environment with nuclear matter was like using them as guinea pigs in a nuclear test. Exposing them to radiation led to contamination of their natural environment. The discovery of the situation led to their evacuations and attempts to clean them up by scrubbing their fingernails while not explaining the actions. Although the people received compensation in $13.5 million dollars, to date there are claims that this race is more prone to health complications. The health alienations increased their mortality rate because of poor nutrition, psychological problems, addictions and abnormal blood pressure. This was a vulnerable community leaving in a hardship area with limited access to health care. Some of the hindrances include long distance from amenities(Australia, 2015). Historical injustices further indicate violations and destruction of a generation during colonial periods(Ahmed, 2001). By 1910-1970, the aborigine children faced separation with their families. Close to 100,000 in their early childhood were culturally alienated. The giving of children to white families by police kept a generation away from their families. With no records to help them trace back their roots, they lost the privilege of learning their culture, language and values. Such alienation has physical, emotional and social effects. As a result, most of them grew up without a sense of belonging. This destroyed their self-esteem giving them a sense of loneliness, unworthiness and insecure. It was common to find most of them depressed and some committed suicide. Those who could not bear the pressure turned to crime, and addictions. Mass murders, economic oppression and slavery describe Contemporary Concerns An Aljazeera report about the injutices faced by Aboriginal Australians indicate a gap between the inidgineous and non indigeneous Australians (2014). Some of the inequalities include reduced life expectancies, alienation from social rights such as education, sources of income, professional development and opportunities in life. Lack of employment contributes to the already existing social issues of poverty, and lack of quality health care. These challenges reduce life expectancy and contribute to desperation. Poor diet due to lack of food also leads to poor maternal health, childhood mortality and common diseases. When young children and infants fail to get the necessary benefits of health they face health challenges such as chronic illness and are prone to infections. The unsafe environment is a health risk because of poisons, and respiratory illnesses. There are challenges of culturally unsafe healthcare represented by the white system. The lack of government support for this mino rity group has come under criticism. The community covers a small percentage of the population at just 2% of the countrys population. However, these 23million alienated Australians continue to face inequalities in the work place(Aljazeera, 2014). There are more reports about high suicide rates, homelessness and poor health. Reports about the incarceration of the indigenous continues to cause deaths. Humanitarian activists also point out that there are indications of police brutality and welfare violations. The inhumane treatment of the aborigines brings back memories of historical maltreatment of the group. Evidently, the long-term challenges of historical injustices have trickled down to the population. Discrimination keeps widening the social gap and it is evident in the young generation in schools system. This raises questions about the coexistence of the two races in future. Some suggest that the stakeholders must come to an acceptance of the violations in the past and in the present(Georgatos, 2014). The news report expresses unrest over the fact that Australia is among the developed countries yet its own indigenous people suffer from problems faced by third world populations. However, one can argue that racial issues continue to remain unresolved in other parts of the world too(Clifford, 2013) Researchers in humanitarian organizations point out that this case study is complex and involves long-term violations across many years and by different governments(Aljazeera, 2014). Suggestions made include the involvement of bipartisan strategies that include both the government and the indigenous people. From history, community groups have faced various violations. In an effort to find solutions and healing for the minority groups, it is important to dig deeper into history beyond colonialism. Ecological factors are important in dealing with population controls, and inequalities(Clifford, 2013, p. 43). Since this is a multifaceted problem, a multilevel approach involving government and non-government partners is necessary. There is a need to give health solutions, policy, material and psychological support. The participation of the community in the solution process is important(Cohen, 2013). The Aborigine traditional system of leadership and its cultural practices and important. In this case, boundary gives this indigenous group meaning. It helps to construct the past, present and their locality. The Aborigines have a right to protect their community and culture according to the UN and Australian laws(AG, 2017). Their participation could be in various forms. Partners could offer training of health workers from the community to enable them to promote health services to Aborigines. The experiences have discouraged the indigenous community from seeking medical care. Racism also has a role in the inequalities(Thompson Durey, 2012). Considering the high poverty levels among the Aborigines, one way to encourage participation is to give support. Offering transportation to health facilities in rural settings encourages the community to access health care services. The government has a responsibility to ensure common good(Wallis, 2013). A functional government needs to show commitment to the welfare. Accessible health care centers within the communitys reach is necessary. Community elders, individuals, and groups should be part of the service provision. The involvement of political, health and economic institution gives the indigenous community a reason to become part of the society. When the minority have no access to basic services including education, it limits their capacity to become part of the governing team. In the Australian case. Cross-cultural leadership would be strategic and transformation(Kark Shamir, 2013). An inclusive form of leadership gives the community confidence and a sense of security. This is appropriate in a system rocked by mistrust and mistreatment of the minority. The government has tried to offer assimilation but the dilapidating nature of the group keeps showing attempts to destroy the Aborigines culture and histo ry(Georgatos, 2014). Non-government partners include global donors and agencies in health care, culture, and civic interest groups. These should encourage a safe working environment for all partners. Part of their wok is to provide monetary resources for facilitating the transformation and psychological support services like counselling. However, the agencies need to provide accountability for the sustainability of the programs. There are community-based organizations, civil society groups, business community and volunteer groups among others. Among these, there should be groups for vulnerable groups like women and children. Their role is to ensure that the decision making process follows legitimacy and effective implementation. The first step in the negotiation is to identifying culturally safe and appropriate strategies. Accountability on the part of the NGO and government service providers includes acceptance of any injustices committed and making the necessary steps towards reconciliation. The compensation of the Aborigines by the colonialists is one-step(Australia, 2015). The governments policy of assimilation also paved the way for reconciliation(AIATSIS, 1961). However, its success is yet to show a trickledown effect on the marginalized community. The attempt to enjoin them into the white community should not have taken children forcefully from their families(findandconect, 2017). Creating awareness about the historical issues such as the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and colonial hurts brings all stakeholders to the reality on the underlying issues. Making history and culture part of the negotiation gives guidance on History has a way of giving valuable lessons through personal reflection of injustices.(Wheeler, et al., 2013). The control of emotions during negotiation is critical because all partners need to apply rationality and objectivity. The use of research findings is proof that there is a health problem, which needs medical and psychological solutions. This is part of the healing process because it gives the government a chance for making things right. The fact that there is discrimination in schools calls for the involvement of the whole society in order to prevent future recurrence of the same problems(Wang Eccle, 2012). Among the issues to address, include discrimination and bias in different parts of life. Australias Aborigine law acknowl edges the existence of Aborigines and natives thereby giving recognition for traditional and English laws. However, many Australians oppose the customary laws(Wood, 2016). Health care is a basic human necessity. Taking it for granted is unethical. Workers charged with health consultation need an effective and respectful communication. The consultation and negotiation procedures with the afflicted community may take time, resources and progressive development. Aborigines should also become part of the Australian Health care in order to get rid of the lack of trust for white government. It is important to address communication barriers such as lack of education. The lack of knowledge is one of the reasons for behavioral risk factors in the health research(Lorina, 2016). Nurses should serve the community without discriminating or showing any signs of disregard(Hayes, et al., 2012). Conclusion In conclusion, the Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander case is a complex one that requires multiple partners to solve it. A problem stems from historical issues takes longer to resolve because it affects generations. People can reflect on cultural coexistence in social places, workplace and professional relationships. Working in partnership with the Torres Strait Islander people and communities service providers includes strong cultural issues, which allows them to own the process. The quest for self-determination comes from the desire for Australian minorities to have their own states. An independent state determines its own destiny without external influences. In such a case, the Aborigines would not have to give up their children in an attempt to become part of assimilation. Having respect for a nation encourages nationhood defined by cultural identity and a history. This would encourage the Aborigines to participate in services for a desired outcome. However, the lim itation of lack of proper education and structural systems to facilitate a form of government is futile. Australias Aborigine law accepts the legal existence of the indigenous. However, the majority group still oppose it because many do not understand its context. Bibliography ABS, 2013. Austalian Aboriginal and Torres Staraight Islander Health Survey: First Results, Australia, 2012-13. Australian Bureau Statistics, 4727.055.001(1). AG, 2017. International human rights system. [Online] Available at: https://www.ag.gov.au/RightsAndProtections/HumanRights/Pages/International-Human-Rights-System.aspx [Accessed 26 Augut 2017]. Ahmed, N. M., 2001. The Colonial Holocaust and its legacy. [Online] Available at: https://www.mediamonitors.net/perspectives/the-colonial-holocaust-and-its-legacy/ [Accessed 26 August 2017]. AIATSIS, 1961. The Policy of Assimilaion. [Online] Available at: https://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/catalogue_resources/18801.pdf [Accessed 26 August 2017]. Aljazeera, 2014. Australia'a Indigeneous disadvantages problem: rights advocates question sinceriy of prime minister's pledge to tackle aboriginal inequality. [Online] Available at: https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/02/australia-indigenous-disadvantage-problem-201422385218552549.html [Accessed 23 February 2017]. Australia, F. o. t. E., 2015. The Push for nuclear weapons in Australia 1950s-1970s. [Online] Available at: https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2014/11/05/backgrounder-why-was-maralinga-used-secret-nuclear-tests [Accessed 26 August 2017]. Clifford, J., 2013. Returns. England: Harvard Universiity Press. Cohen, A. P., 2013. Symbolic construction of community. s.l.:Routledge . findandconect, 2017. Assimilation policy 1951-1962. Find Connect. Georgatos, G., 2014. What will it take to end aboriginal disadvantage, the inequakities and various crises. The Stringer Independent News, 17 August. Hayes, L. et al., 2012. Nurse turnover: a litearture review-an update.. International Journal of nursing studies, 49(7), pp. 887-905. Kark, R. Shamir, B., 2013. The Dual effect of transformational leadership. In: J. A. Bruce J. Y. Francis, eds. Transformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead 10th Anniversary. 77-101 ed. England: Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp. 77-101. Lorina, 2016. Including Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander Cultures in Your Service. [Online] Available at: https://aussiechildcarenetwork.com.au/articles/childcare-articles/including-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-cultures-in-your-service [Accessed 26 August 2017]. SBS, 2014. Backgro under: Why was Maralinga used for secret nuclear tests?. [Online] Available at: https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2014/11/05/backgrounder-why-was-maralinga-used-secret-nuclear-tests [Accessed 26 August 2017]. Taylor, J. Kukutai, T., 2016. Indigeneous data sovereignty: Toward an agenda,. [Online] Available at: https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/n2140/pdf/ch15.pdf [Accessed 26 August 2017]. Thompson, S. Durey, A., 2012. Reducing the health disparities of indigeneous Australians: time to chnage focus. BMC Health Services Research, 25 October. Wallis, J., 2013. Whatever happened to the common good. Time, 4 April. Wang, M. Eccle, J. S., 2012. Social suppport matters: Longitudinal effects of social support on three dimensions of school engagement from middle to hgh school. Child development , 83(3), pp. 877-895. Wheeler, M., Pillemer, J. Leary, K., 2013. Negotiating with emotion. Harvard Business Review, February. Wood, A. J., 2016. Why Australia wont recognise indegenious customary laws. The Conversation.

Dashman case Essay Example

Dashman case Essay Desman Company was making many types of equipment for Armed force of US. They had 20 different plant situated In the central part of the country. All 20 plant were following their own purchasing procedures, central management never completely co-ordinate these procedures and they were encouraging these procedures. In late 1940, company faced difficulty in procurement of raw materials, so Mr.. Manson, President of the company appointed Mr.. Post as the Vice President of purchases. Lot of freedom was given to Mr.. Post and Mr.. Larson was assigned as assistant of Mr.. Post. Mr.. Larson has worked in many departments of the company for many years and knew most of the plant executives personally. Mr.. Post decided that he would ask plant executives who were handling purchases in their individual plants to clear with head office all the purchases contracts exceeding 10000$. When he proposed the plan to Mr.. Manson and board of directors they agreed to it and then later on he draft a later considering this facts in later and situation to all Purchase Executive. He sent a later to all the purchasing executive eating to report the central unit before purchasing Inventory costing more than $10000. On which he got a reply from many of them. Which mostly stated that they agree to what he has said and they will think on it. This showed that there reply was very lineman and they didnt care for his order and they did not take this as an order. Problem Statement: Consequences faced because of highly decentralized system in the company. Situation Analysis: The case under study Is based In a post-independence(near 1960) scenario. We will write a custom essay sample on Dashman case specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Dashman case specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Dashman case specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The mall focus of the government is to boost the economic development throughout the action. In such situation the government of Bombay Province has come with a plan, to build earthen dams on rivers Lookout and Stomata, in order to increase the agricultural yield of the area(Exhibit-1). The government announced the plan to people of the area. This plan had a plenty for people in economic terms but It was against their sentiments. This plan besides affecting their houses was affecting the Beneath Temple. This temple being of utmost importance to villagers made them angry. Thus, irrespective of its various benefits plan faced a great opposition from lagers. There were several problems faced by this plan such as: PROBLEMS Firstly, it was suspicious belief of villagers towards the government. This plan would be affecting their livelihoods. They were not sure about their re-settlement plans. The land they were living Is very much ferule and moreover they are emotionally connected to it. They were not sure about the productivity and profitability of the land theyll receive in compensation. Secondly, it was a fight between economical development and sentiments of people. The plan with any proposal whether reports-A(Exhibit-2) or proposal-B(Exhibit-3) will increase the agricultural production, thus boosting economic development. While plan with any proposal villagers. Thirdly, location of Beneath Temple. The location of temple has a great historical and religious value attached to it. It is believed that this land has connection to Boring Irish , who holds great importance in heart of villagers. Thus, government can shift the temple but cant do the same with the importance of the land. This step would also affect the tourism by affecting the annual fair at the temple. This in return would harm the

South Africa vs. Ethiopia essays

South Africa vs. Ethiopia essays Government can be defined as the control and administration of a country or state, and governments differ within each region. Typically, when one thinks of a successful government, one thinks of a democracy in the United States, but few people realize that success doesnt come easy. Many countries, such as South Africa, are modeling, or in most cases being forced to model, their government after the United States. Other countries, such as Ethiopia, are still having troubles finding which government will bring them their success. During the twentieth century, while South Africa met the needs of their people through political parties, ending apartheids, and a newly founded democracy, Ethiopia has struggled to match the same success. South Africa is such a successful country today because of its settlers many years ago. Throughout the seventeenth century, many European sailors passed by South Africa on their way to East Africa and India, however the first European settlers didnt arrive until 1652. Headed by Jon van Riebeeck, the Dutch East India Company was sent to South Africa to set up a base for trading at what is presently known as Cape Town. After the Dutch had settled, they began to offer free passage and land to new settlers in Europe, and brought in Africans as slaves. By 1795, the whites had spread all over and around Cape Town. With a colonial population of about 60,000, and only 20,000 of these being white, the Dutch had already instilled the idea of white power. From 1795 to 1803, and again from 1806 to 1814, the British replaced the Dutch at Cape Town. However, it wasnt until 1820 that Britain colonized South Africa. The Boers, or farmers of Dutch descent, soon came to resent British colonial rule. Britain made certain restrictions, such as making English the colonys only official language in 1828 and the abolishment of slavery in 1833. Because the Boer farmers relied on slaves for ...

Does Ethnicity Impact on the Way We Experience Music Essay

Does Ethnicity Impact on the Way We Experience Music - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that as a social practice music plays a significant role in the process of constructing national and regional identities and the concept of ethnicity. It has acknowledged vital attention in recent ethnomusicological and other sociological studies. One can find that the study is directly pertinent to the requirements of researchers and professionals in music, musicology, ethnomusicology and social anthropology. Generally, music is considered as the most highly planned human expressions, and it can summarize a social, cultural or ethnic group’s common beliefs and ideologies with a better clarity. The multifaceted music of African-American and Latin traditions proffers a unique opportunity to demonstrate the vibrant relationship between music and culture. Correlation between music and black ethnicity often reveals the changing nature of black ethnicity and various musical styles as they replicate cultural identity. Cultural identity and ethnicity in Sakha are connected with its Pop Music and African –American identity and lifestyle have an obligatory relationship with their music.

Ricksha-Child - Is It Normal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Ricksha-Child - Is It Normal - Essay Example The people sitting on a cart in the picture are physically sound. This also indicates soundness in wealth. There is a difference between the people sitting on cart putting their pressure on a small child who is not physically sound. This indicates a difference in strength between the two. Normally, labor is weak as compared to the rich. Poor people work hard while rich people sit in air-conditioned offices performing executive tasks and ordering others. While, the poor people work day and night in mines, factories, etc and in difficult surviving conditions to earn bread. This leaves bad results on their body. Poor ones cannot really afford to live better lives and proper medication. Poverty pushes them more into health problems and diseases. Healthy food and drinks are far from poor people as they eat anything with which they can survive. Health shows soundness. In this painting, a couple sitting on cart looks financially sound. It seems they have been enjoying healthy food and drink s and can afford whatever they like. On the other hand, the poor child seems physically weak and depressed. He seems to be hardly striving to stand as he is physically weak but carrying a burden of two fat people.Facial Expression: Facial expressions can easily be noticed in the painting. Couple sitting on a cart looks happy and enjoying their lives. They are living lavish lives and can afford all luxuries of lives. They can pay well to remain happy and to acquire all happiness. Their smiles show wealth. It seems they do not regret anything. They look happy. On the other hand, a child carrying their weight seems to be in deep pain and problem. His face illustrates pain, hardships, and difficulties. It seems the poor kid has not been enjoying his life at all. He looks fed up and in pain. It looks; he laughed a long time back. He looks suffering a lot of problems and obstacles in his life.

A press kit about Intensive English Program (IEP) at Western Assignment

A press kit about Intensive English Program (IEP) at Western Washington University (WWU) - Assignment Example Pitch letter Western Washington University ‘Western Front’ [Date] Karen Smith Communications Facility 255 Western Washington University (360) 650-3252 Dear Ms. Smith, On November 11, 2013 Open Doors – an Institute for International Education published a report indicating the drastic rise in the number of international students at colleges and universities across the United States with most of the growth driven by students from non-English speaking countries i.e., China and Saudi Arabia, for the 7th consecutive year. The Western Washington University currently houses 63 international students from over 15 countries including Libya, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Russia, Germany, Italy, Venezuela, Columbia, South Korea, China, Taiwan, Thailand, Kuwait, and Japan. Such influx of international students is indicative of a trend that demands a supportive framework in the form of a formal educational / training program tailored to suit the English language needs of such students. The Intensive English Program at the WWU (Western Washington University) in Bellingham is designed especially for international students offering a mix of educational and non-educational programs for students as well as professionals. This program would benefit not only the prospective students planning to enrol in graduate and post-graduate courses but also those intending on learning English purely for business and / or social communication purposes. The program aims to welcome all international applicants including those who do not meet the university's English language requirement and offer appropriate courses for preparation. The IEP promises to open a world of possibilities for all those aspiring to learn the English language from a group of well-qualified and dedicated staff with impressive professional achievements in the field of language teaching. The process of application is relatively easy and does not require the submission of IELTS or TOEFL test scores. Evan Ryan - Assistant secretary of State for Educational and Cultural Affairs stated that "International education promotes the relationship building and knowledge exchange between people and communities in the United States and around the world that are necessary to solve global challenges". An English language program such as the IEP is a step forward in that direction. The Western Front has had an impressive history of catering to its vast student community and has consistently been a source of vital information for them for over 3 decades now. We are sure that the readers of The Western Front would want to access more information about IEP and we look forward to addressing all their queries and concerns in whatever we can. Please do feel free to contact - [include name here], principal / co-ordinator [of the program] at [insert phone number here]. For further information about the program, and other related issues we invite you to explore our website at: [insert link here] or contac t us directly at: [insert email here] for an opportunity to discuss it further. Regards, [Name] [Phone Number] [Organization] 2. Press Release The Bellingham Herald 1155 N. State St., Bellingham, WA 98225 Celebrating 30 glorious years of one of the most popular and highly successful educational programs – the Intensive English Program, offered at the country’s best learning institutions- The Western Washington University, Bellingham. The Intensive English Program offered at the Western Washington University's Bellingham campus offers a variety of programs aimed at regular and degree program students with at least 23 hours of instruction per week. WASHINGTON, Date: _ _/_ _/ _ _ _ _ There has been a steady rise in the number of international students in colleges and universities across United States. In the academic

Case Study Of High Strength Concrete Construction Essay

Case Study Of High Strength Concrete Construction Essay In the text below I have tried my best and put in all of my efforts to create a document that might help other students even without any prior knowledge of the subject to understand the very important subject concrete with thorough understanding of the concrete. The text gives the basic knowledge of the lesser important concepts and has been written to depth for important and practical concepts. I have tried to create a document that shall be used to give lectures and cover the gap between a professor with in depth knowledge of the subject and a student who has just been introduced to the subject. I am also thankful to my professors and friends for their support in completing this work. I hope the document acts as a mode of information rather than being a jigsaw puzzle and fulfill all the requirements for the formal submission. Introduction: Civil engineering is the oldest and the most basic streams of engineering. When we think of civil engineering the first thing that comes to mind is cement and construction, when we come down to the more uses of civil engineering we think of concrete. Concrete is not such a simple thing as it may look down to a non construction related person, it is due to the fact that it has so many practical uses, more than any construction material that it has a specialization of its own. So the study of concrete is very helpful or may be considered the most necessary studies for a civil engineer. Nowadays the study of concrete is considered as the backbone of the construction industry. This subject has its own specializations available for study is such a vast subject that for a construction industry or company the success is decided by its concrete engineers. The modern industry of the todayà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s world relies completely on the construction of concrete structures. Concrete has experienced this great variety of use due to its marvelous properties that completely distinguish it from any of the rest of construction materials. The history of construction traces back to the times of Assyrians and Babylonians who first made the use of clay as a cementing material. The ancient forts and military buildings, the defense structures have witnessed a wide use of the concrete made of aggregates and lime as a binder. Construction of the pyramids in Egypt has also proved the use of lime and gypsum as a binder in the concrete works. The prominent scientists of the concrete study are Vitruvius who is believed to have the knowledge of chemistry of the cementitious lime. One of the remarkable ancient works is the pantheon, which consists of a dome spanning 43.43m and is made entirely of concrete. The Romans also used suitable cements made of suitable limestone burned in kiln or were mixtures of lime and puzzolanic materials (volcanic, ash, tuff) co mbining into a hard concrete. Vitruviusà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s work was followed by the researches made by M. Vicat of France. Joseph Aspedin of Yorkshire (U.K.) was the first to introduce Portland cement in 1824 formed by heating a mixture of limestone and finely divided clay in a furnace to a temperature high enough to drive off the carbonic acid gas. In 1845, Issac C. Johnson invented the cement by increasing the temperature at which the mixture of limestone and clay were burned to form clinker. This cement was the prototype of the modern Portland cement. From then onwards, a gradual improvement in the properties and qualities of cement has been made possible by researchers in U.S.A., U.K., France and Germany. What exactly is concrete: Concrete is a composite man-made material most widely used building material in the construction industry. It consists of a rationally chosen mixture of binding material such as lime or cement, well graded fine and coarse aggregates, water and admixtures (to produce concrete with special properties). In a concrete mix, cement and water form a paste or matrix which in addition to filling the voids of the fine aggregate, coats the surface of fine and coarse aggregates and binds them together. The matrix is usually 22-34% of the total volume. Freshly mixed concrete before set is known as wet or green concrete whereas after setting and hardening it is known as set or hardened concrete. The moulded concrete mix after sufficient curing becomes hard like stone due to chemical action between the water and binding material. It would be impossible to discuss all the aspects of this material in few pages and the discussion is confined to the general characteristics an d quality tests necessary for its use by civil engineers and architects. Most of the ancient structures and historical buildings had been constructed with lime concrete. With the advent of cement, the use of lime concrete has been confined to making bases for concrete foundations and roof terracing. The major factors responsible for wide usage of cement-concrete are mouldability, early hardening, high early compressive strength, development of desired properties with admixtures to be used in adverse situations, suitability for guniting, pumpability and durability. The simple reason for its extensive use in the construction of almost all civil engineering works is that the properties can be controlled within a wide range by using appropriate ingredients and by special mechanical, physical and chemical processing techniques Buildingsà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬from single storey to multistorey, bridges, piers, dams, weirs, retaining walls, liquid retaining structures, reservoirs chimneys, bins, silos, runways, pavements, shells, arches, railway sleepers are but a fe w examples of cement concrete applications. Concept of high strength concrete: Concrete due to its versatile properties is used for many heavy and medium or low cost constructions. So the concrete used in these works is not entirely same. Thus for more important and demanding works a concrete with higher strength is needed. This concrete can be given extra strength by various methods. Usually any concrete which falls in a grade over M65 is considered or called high strength concrete. This M65 signifies a compressive strength of 65N/mm2 after 28 days. This strength apart from other methods can be reached by REINFORCING the concrete with other materials of higher strength. Reinforcing means the mixing the concrete mix with other materials. The materials most commonly used are steel, bamboo, wire mesh, sticks etc. These materials provide those properties to the concrete that the concrete itself lacks. The concrete so reinforced becomes so strong that no other material can be compared to it. Also the strength to cost ratio of this is very less as compared to any other material available in the market. RCC and concrete: RCC and concrete are the same thing but for the fact that RCC has some reinforcement provided to the mix and the plain concrete is just a mix of cement sand and water along with aggregates. The reinforcement is placed where the structure has to be built and concrete is later put on it and both of these bond together to form a high strength concrete. The most common reinforcing material used is steel in the form of steel bars and wire mesh. So the wire mesh or the steel bars are easy to place and the main work then lies in properly preparing the concrete mix. So we shall now study the preparation of the concrete mix. Preparation of concrete: The concrete is fairly easy to manufacture. The preparation of concrete is a stepwise process. Its preparation involves storage of materials namely sand aggregate, cement, water. After that follows batching of materials which is a process of measurement of materials by different, convenient methods. Then falls the process of mixing which is a vital process; the most of properties depend on the mixing conditions and the type of mixing done. Mixing is the process of mixing the materials, batched before and preparing the final concrete mix or paste. The concrete so prepared is now needs to be transported to the site of use. This is done by using pans, wheel bar rows, transit mixers, chutes, bell conveyers, pumps, tower crane and hoists etc. Now that the concrete has been brought to the site it needs to be placed such that it gains maximum strength as easily as possible. So the placing is also a very vital process of the concreting operation. Now that the concre te has been placed we now have to make sure that no voids are left in the placed mix. Compacting the concrete mix makes sure that the concrete gains fullest of its strength. Then remains finishing of the concrete work done to make sure that it looks good aesthetically. Then the concrete needs to be cured to check the development of cracks and control the heat of hydration. The details of each of these processes are as follows: Storing of materials: Storing of materials is controlled so that the materials do not get deteriorated. The materials stored on sites are cement, aggregate, sand, water, steel and any other admixtures. The cement should be stored very carefully as the cement is the second most costly material after steel which is used in lesser quantities; cement easily attracts any moisture in the air and hardens and gets useless for the construction purpose. The cement should be stored in air tight rooms free of moisture and rodents. The bags of cement should be placed at least 30 cm apart from the walls and at least 20 cm above the floor level this is done by making a temporary platform of wood or other cheap material. The cement bags should be placed one over other to a maximum height of 1.5m. The cement bags should be used on the first in first out basis. These bags should be kept covered at all times with a suitable plastic cover. Then comes the aggregates, the aggregates should be so stored that these are distinguishly stored according to their size. These should either be kept completely moist or completely dry this helps to better understand the water cement ratio and provides a strict control over this vital ratio. Then comes sand, sand does not need much special attention while storing but sand so stored should be checked regularly for increase in the moisture content and hence bulking. The water used for adding to the cement or concrete is usually potable water and the water should be kept clean and free of any vegetation and any kind of visible materials and sand etc. Batching: The batching of materials is a simple process of measuring the quantity of the materials to be used for the concrete mix. This is done by two methods namely by weight and by volume. The materials while mixing need to be proportioned properly so that the desired strength and properties can be achieved. This has to be done strictly to ensure the desired properties. In the former category all of the ingredients are measured by weight. But this system has a drawback that the moisture content alters the weight of the materials and this has to be adjusted after experiments and mathematical calculations. The later uses the measuring the materials by volume and is less preferable to the above method. This is for the reason that the sand content varies greatly in volume by the moisture content. This variation is harder to account for accurate measurement. Mixing: The process of mixing of various ingredients of concrete in specified proportion is termed as mixing of concrete. Objectives of mixing: the quality and strength of concrete depends upon proper mixing. The object of mixing is to coat the surface all aggregate particles with cement paste and to obtain concrete of uniform color and required consistency. Methods of mixing: Hand mixing: the process of mixing the ingredients of concrete by manual labor is called hand mixing. It is adopted for small and unimportant and where quantity of concrete used is small. Hand mixing method requires more cement (10%) than machine mixing for obtaining the same strength of concrete. Machine mixing: The process of mixing the ingredients of concrete by a machine is called machine mixing. In case where a large quantity of concrete is to be produced, hand mixing becomes costly even if the labor is cheap. The machine maxing becomes essential. The concrete can thus be produced at a faster rate and at lesser cost. The quality of concrete by machine mixing is also better. Transportation of concrete: The process of carrying concrete mix from the place of mixing to the final position of deposition is called transportation of concrete. Transportation of concrete mix is very important because in transportation, time factor is involved. The mix has to be transported as soon as possible. Precautions in transportation: concrete should be transported as quickly as possible to the formwork within the initial setting time of cement. Efforts should be made to prevent segregation. Transportation cost should be as low as possible. The concrete mix should be protected from drying in hot weather and from rain during transportation. No water should be lost from the mix during transportation. Methods of transportation: -The following are the modes of transportation of concrete: Pans- in this method concrete is transported in iron pans manually. Wheel barrows- steel wheel barrows with 70L capacity with pneumatic tires are used for moderate distances. Truck mixers or tipping lorries- this is used for longer distances of travel. In this a truck or lorry having a mixer built into it is used to carry concrete. Other methods are: Chutes Belt conveyers Tower cranes Pumps Formwork: The temporary construction used as a mould for the structure for the structure in which the concrete is placed and in which it hardens is called formwork or shuttering. It includes all the surfaces in contact with concrete and all necessary supporting members. The part of formwork which consists of sheeting and its immediate supporting or stiffening members is called form. The part of formwork which supports the forms usually for a large structure is called false work. It is yet another important process for concreting. Compaction: Compaction of concrete is a process of eliminating the entrapped air in concrete and achieving maximum density. The importance should not be under estimated. The strength of concrete is reduced by about 40% by presence of only 5% voids. The compaction reduces voids to a minimum. The compaction is done by doing external work on the concrete. Finishing: finishing may be defined as the process adopted for obtaining a true, uniform concrete surface. The importance of finishing is inevitable. It is to keep the concrete surfaces free from undulations. The vibrating or hand tamping of a concrete leaves a slightly rough surface. Finishing of concrete surface is therefore important. The choice of concrete finishing depends upon the ultimate use of the component and desired aesthetic effect. Curing: The process off keeping the concrete moist to enable it to gain strength is called curing. It is name given to procedure used for prompting the hydration of cement. The concrete hardens because of hydration i.e. the chemical reaction between water and cement. This reaction depends on the presence of water. Although there is sufficient water at the time of mixing yet it is necessary to ensure that the water is retained to enable the chemical reaction to continue. Methods of curing: The various methods of curing are Shading of concrete work. Covering the concrete surface with gunny bags or hessians. Sprinkling of water. Ponding method. Membrane curing. Steam curing. Of these, ponding covering of concrete surface with gunny bags or hessians are the most commonly and very widely used. Proportioning of concrete mixes: Proportioning of a concrete mix means determining the relative amounts of materials required for batches of concrete of required strength. This process is generally called as design of mix. In proportioning a concrete mix, one has to choose suitable proportions of all the ingredients of concrete i.e. cement, aggregate and water so as to give concrete its desired properties both on the plastic as well as in hardened stage with the maximum economy. Grades of concrete: concrete id graded according to its compressive strength. As per IS 456:2000 the concrete mixes are designated into fifteen grades. The various grades of concrete are given in the table below: Group Designation Compressive Strength (N/mm2) Ordinary concrete M10 10 M15 15 M20 20 M25 25 Standard concrete M30 30 M35 35 M40 40 M45 45 M50 50 M55 55 M60 60 High strength concrete M65 65 M70 70 M75 75 M80 80 Concretes of compressive strength lesser than 20MPa may be used for lean concrete bases and simple foundations for masonry walls. Grades lower than M20 should not be used in reinforced concrete works. Grades lower than M30 should not be used in post tensioned prestressed concrete. Grades lower than M40 should not be used in pre tensioned prestressed concrete. There are two types of concretes based on the method of proportioning: Ordinary concrete (normal mix concrete) Controlled concrete (design mix concrete) Ordinary concrete (normal mix concrete): The concrete in which the proportions of cement, aggregates and water are determined by adopting nominal concrete mixes and no preliminary tests are performed is called ordinary concrete. It is only used when it is not possible to use controlled concrete. It may be used for grades M20 or lower if designed mix concrete cannot be used for some reasons. The proportions of the ingredients are specified by the engineer usually without testing the materials. There is no guarantee that a M20 nominal mix with adopted proportions (say 1:4:8) will have a 28 days cube strength of 20N/mm2. IS 456:2000 suggests the proportions of materials required for nominal mix concrete as shown in the table below: Grade of concrete Total quantity of dry aggregate per 50 kg of cement (kg) Proportions of fine aggregate to coarse aggregate by wt. Maximum quantity of water per 50kg of cement (liters) M10 480 Generally 1:2 but upper 34 M15 330 Limit is 1:1.5 and lower 32 M20 250 Limit is 1:1.25 30 Controlled concrete (design mix concrete): The concrete in which the proportions of cement, aggregate and water are determined by conducting preliminary tests for the design of mix is called controlled concrete. A design mix concrete is preferred over a nominal mix concrete for durability, strength and economy. Reinforced cement concrete: RCC or reinforced concrete cement is yet another type of high strength concrete. As explained when reinforcing materials of higher strength are added to the concrete it becomes reinforced cement concrete. The main feature of adding this reinforcement is that it makes the concrete very strong even in tension; otherwise in which concrete is very weak. This happens due to the bonding between reinforcing materials and the concrete mix. The concrete so prepared is used for many purposes such as piers, bridges, flyovers, dams, slabs, arches etc. The strength of same proportions of materials of concrete when reinforced yields more than twice the strength as it would otherwise. IS codes help us design structures of RCC by considering various norms and limits of safety and other factors. These tell us what extra provisions are needed to be made in certain conditions. The normally used reinforcements are steel bars which are explained in detail as under: Steel bars are available in the market in various sizes which are the measure of the diameter of the bar. These sizes range from 6 mm to 24 mm for general purpose. Other larger and specialized sizes are also available for special constructions. These bars are cast of steel formed by addition of about 1% of carbon content to iron while ità ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s manufacturing. This steel is very hard and is very ductile. Traces of other materials are also added to this steel to modify suitable properties. These bars are of two types based on the process of manufacturing or final properties: TMT- thermo mechanically treated bars Sal- ordinary ribbed bars. TMT: this is a product of the new age and has evolved as a result of scientific research over the years in the fields of metallurgy and other related field such as metallurgy and the properties of metals. These bars as the name suggests are mechanically treated to make stronger. These are first heated to a temp of 1400C (red hot) and then cooled suddenly which makes it stronger. Then these bars are also ribbed which makes them stronger at bonding. These bars are available in the market and are preferred over the other plain or ribbed or SAL bars. SAL: these are the traditional bars which were first tested by forming corrugations or ribs. The ribs on these are helical in shape. These are less strong than the other types of bars (TMT). These bars are manufactured from steel with 0.8-1.2% of carbon content in iron. These bars are brittle and less ductile. So these are nowadays moving out of market. These are not used in any of the engineering works. The cost of these is not considerably less than the TMT bars. These bars are available in sizes ranging from 8mm to 26mm. these bars make a weaker bond than TMT and should not be used for any important works. Design of RCC: RCC structures need quite a lot of mathematical analysis to be done before the values of final construction are received. The maximum amount of steel that can be added to the structures is 4% of the cross sectional area. The slabs and beams designed of RCC are categorized into two parts- singly reinforced structures and doubly reinforced structures. Singly reinforced structures are those in which the steel reinforcement is added to the lower side of the beam or the slab that bears tension. Doubly reinforced structures are those in which the steel reinforcement is added to both- upper and lower side of the structure for cases of variable tension and compression values; or extra strength is required for higher load values or when the dimensions of the member to be cast are limited due to some reason or other. These kinds of things make the RCC structures backbone of the construction industry. These RCC structures with steel are also very safe for shear and torsional forces too. Alterations of properties of concrete (Admixtures): The concrete has its certain properties that sometimes are needed to be changed, for this reasons other materials other than the basic ingredients are added to the concrete while mixing. These materials are called admixtures. These are categorized into several divisions: Accelerators Retarders Water-reducing admixtures Air-entraining admixtures Plasticizers Some common examples of admixtures are fly ashes, silica fume, rice husk ash, metakaolin. Now details of these types of admixtures Accelerators: Accelerators are the chemicals used to accelerate the setting and hardening of concrete. Accelerators are added to concrete to: Increase the rate of hydration and hence to increase the rate of strength development. Reduce the setting time. E.g. of accelerators- calcium chloride, triethenolamine etc. Retarding admixtures (Retarders): Retarders are the chemicals used to delay the setting and hardening of concrete. Retarders slow down the chemical process of hydration so that concrete remains plastic and workable for a longer time than a concrete without retarder. E.g. of retarders are sugar, calcium sulphate, skimmed milk, ammonium chloride, calcium borate, calcium tartarate, mucic acid etc. Water reducing admixtures: These are used to: Increase the workability of freshly mixed concrete without increasing water cement ratio. Maintain workability with reduced water cement ratio. Sugar in addition to acting as a retarder, improves the workability of concrete also. Carbohydrates and organic acids are other examples of water reducing admixtures. Air entraining agents: Air-entraining admixtures are used to entrain air in form of very small disconnected air bubbles in concrete. The air bubbles (approximately .01 to.25mm dia) act as flexible ball bearings and modify the properties of plastic concrete. It also modifies the properties of hardened concrete. Plasticizers: Plasticizing admixture is a substance which imparts very high workability with a large decrease in water content (at least 20%) for a given workability. It also permits the use of lower water cement ratio for the same workability. Materials used as plasticizers: Anionic substances such as lignosulphonates. Nonionic surfactants such as hydroxylated carboxylic acid. Other products such as carbohydrates. Calcium, sodium, and ammonium lignosulphonates are mostly used as plasticizers. Plasticizers are used in the amount of 0.1 to 4% by weight of cement. A 0.5% concentration of plasticizer by weight of cement can: Increase the 28 days compressive strength by 30% with 20% reduction in water cement ratio. Increase slump from 25 to 100mm. Require 15% less cement. Uses: these can be used where a high degree of workability is required in situations like: Deep beams. Column and beam junctions. Tremie concrete. Pumping of concrete. Thin walls of water retaining structures with high percentage of steel reinforcement. This was it about the case study of high strength concrete. I have tried my best to give the best approach possible to every aspect of any concept. Still humans will keep making mistakes so that they can learn from them. Thanks.

Spain :: Spains Economy, Politics, Culture

Spain or also known as the kingdom of Spain is a beautiful country with a very alluring geography, history, culture, economy, missionary effort, and state capitol. Since Spain is such a large country it is packed full of information to research about. Spain is also the origin of many holidays and practices. Just because Spain is a foreign country doesn’t mean it can’t be interesting to others. Geography Spain is a beautiful country with astonishing landmarks and geographic information. Spain is located in southwest Europe (World Almanac 834) on the Liberian peninsula (Croy 7). To the north of Spain is France and the Bay of Biscay, to the south is the Strait of Gibraltar in the east is the Medaterian Sea, and in the west are Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean (World Almanac 834, 466). Two major landforms are the Sierra Nevada and the Pico de Aneto Mountain (World Book 741). Spain is also the largest country in the Liberian peninsula (Croy 7). Two major rivers in Spain are Duro River and the Guadiana River. (World Book 471). Spain’s language is Spanish and their religion is Roman Catholic and Muslim (World Almanac 834). Spain’s main natural recourses are gold, fish, and livestock (World Almanac 835). Economy Spain’s economy is a well-based way to equally spread money to all of the people. Spain’s currency is the European union euro. The gross domestic per capita is thirty three thousand six hundred euros a year. In labor force 2.4 percent goes to agriculture, 24 percent to industry, and 71.1 percent to services (World Almanac 835). By January twenty third 2011 One U.S.A dollar is only zero point seventy-five euros and one euro is equal to one dollar and thirty-three cents (Culture Grams). Three major agriculture products are wood, potash, and Zink (World Book 743). Culture Spain’s culture is very unique with interesting holidays and ethnic groups. One of Spain’s most interesting holidays is called the Twelfth Night. During the Twelfth Night the people of Spain give gifts instead of on Christmas. Even thought give them on the Twelfth Night but they still celebrate Christmas (Croy 27). Their ethnic groups are mixed Mediterranean and Nordic and their language is Spanish (Gale Vert Reference Library). On January eighteenth 2011 the population was 40,548,753 people and the literacy rate was 99% for male and 99% for female. The definition of literacy rate is, â€Å"The percentage of people over 15 who can read and write a paragraph of their life† (Culture Grams).

Feminist Perspective of the Film Twilight Essay

The film Twilight, a fantasy-romantic film has its director as Catherine Hardwicke who adapted it from Stephenie Meyer’s novel Twilight. The plot of the film revolves around the extra-ordinary relationship between a Vampire Edward and a young girl Bella Swan. The captivating conflict centers on the efforts of the family of Bella Swan and those of Edward Cullen to keep her away from the evil vampires. The film altogether highlights Hardwicke’s theatrical intellect and wit in bringing out scenes that explores serious aspects as well as the social constructions and themes the contemporary society still exhibits despite the gallant fight for equality and social enlightenment. The film raises serious flaws in portraying the women in a society that has spiritedly fought against the tenets of patriarchy by analyzing it from the feminist’s point of view (Chang 1). As the scenes in the film Twilight unfolds, the 17 years Bella Swan goes to live with Charlie, her father in small town, Forks after her mother elopes with another man. Exposed to new neighborhood and school, Bella has to make new friends where she is intrigued by Edward Cullen after he inexplicably stops a van that nearly run over her with his hand. Bella is intrigued when Cullen is adamant to explain how he saved her and is only against her befriending him. Bella later discovers Cullen is a vampire that only consumes blood from animals. Conflict in the film plot develops when other vampires know of Cullen and his family protectiveness over humans especially Bella who Edward is in love with. The antagonist, James schemes to hunt Bella where he lures her into a trap ultimately biting her. Lucky enough Edward and Cullen’s family rescues her, destroys James something that hurts Victoria his girlfriend, and the venom in Bella’s blood is sucked out by Edward something that prevents her from becoming a vampire. Victoria, James girlfriend secretly schemes her revenge for her lover as the film ends. Throughout the film Twilight, it is notable that the female characters especially Isabella â€Å"Bella† are developed by the director Hardwicke as naive, annoying, petulant, and above all there is that attitude anti-feminism. This is continuation of the social construction of women as naive and with immature tendencies traverses the ideals of modern society in this film thus being an embarrassment to women folk today. It is also annoying that Bella is prepared to just change from who she is to become a vampire just because she loves Edward. This is quite demeaning because it paints the bigger picture and a bad one for that matter that women would do anything for the men they love. It is petty that Bella cannot just like the person she is and continue being she is despite all the love she feels for Edward Cullen. This puts the issue of identity of women in question thus painting a negative picture that women want to identify not with their own kind but with who they love. Edward although loves Bella very much he is committed ensuring that Bella is pure no a vampire like himself. Critically analyzing the film in this perspective, Edward is a vampire who hates the activities other vampires involve in. The evil vampires feed on human flesh and blood, which Edward detests very much. He feeds on animal blood contrary to the likes of other vampires and together with his family protects humans. On the other hand, Bella is deeply moved by the kindness and the love of Edward that she freely wants to become a vampire. A vital question arises, is Bella guided by reason or her emotions? Is it necessary that she change into a vampire? Can she still exist in the form of human by her virtue and retain her relationship with Edward? This portrayal of women as people guided by emotions but not by reason is quite misleading and anti-feminist. Feminists from 1960s to today are fighting for the deconstruction of portrayal of women as simply people who need men to do everything for them; fight, provide, and defend them. Therefore, in the film Twilight, the portrayal of women is not is not in vogue with the contemporary feminist trends that advocates for women as independent people who can exist without the help of under the umbrella of men (Chang 1). It is contrary to popular feminists’ trend for women lives to be entirely controlled by men. The film depicts the character of Bella is a person dependent on men in her life. The life of Bella is essentially controlled by men and ultimately allows this to take place. The film depicts a patriarchal society that is against the marriage of older women to younger men and yet it encourages marriage between older men to teenage girls. Would the society depicted in the film would be comfortable if the relationship between Edward and Bella had been vice versa? Hardwicke perpetuates the ideals of the patriarchal society long forgotten. Edward even though is a vampire depicts more humane qualities by protecting Bella than of vampire and thus enhances the old societal traditions of older men marrying teenagers. Bella should not be in a relationship with a person who is worthy to be her great-grandfather. Edward is too old and there can never be anything good out of the marriage. Any marriage is definitely intended for company and procreation. It is beyond the contemporary societal values for Bella to be involved in a relationship which will culminate to marriage. It is also targeting and encouraging a society where the place of women denigrates them to stay at home as housewives and bear children on the denial that they cannot make decisions based on reason but guided by their own emotions (Jones 35). Bella is depicted as trying just to make a show of being annoyed when he overprotects her. On the other hand she behaves as a little girl who can barely help herself but only put herself in danger. Hardwicke portrays masculinity which dominates the film. Edward does not feel she is safe going to meet people because he is for one jealous, and has the power over her anyway and she feebly resists. Bella puts only feeble efforts of showing she is against his help and yet lets him to help her eventually because she loves him. Do women like to be innately protected as Bella exhibits? The entire relationship is symbolic where Bella has to cling on for protection. Not that I’m against the protection but it entirely paints a bigger picture that women require men for protection or else their survival is not guaranteed (Chang 1). According to Jones (63) the society today has high social consciousness and the modern woman is liberal and the film does not portray the ideal modern woman who is sophisticated and independent. The film in a way promotes conservative social ideologies, which are not well taken by the present society. The female characters although they play dominant role in the film they are presented as people with low self-esteem. The voice of reason forms the important aspects in the modern woman and emotions are not her weakens. The film however, depicts a thousand and one ways in which Edward manipulates and controls Bella emotionally and she blindly lets him have his way consequently enjoying his actions. It is ironical in the way Edward does not want Bella not to ride her car, guards her bedroom at night and does not want her to do anything all by herself. Instead of living her dreams, Bella gives up all his dreams for the man she loves. Further, the film encourages teenage motherhood in which the contemporary society is against the feminist simply because a teenager cannot make any independent decisions without being influenced. She completely changes her lifestyle; her friends, her body and moreover gives up humanity just for a man. Another female character is Victoria who as the film ends is possibly planning to avenge for the death of James because she loved him very much. There is not any reason beyond this scheme of revenge because even when she is successful in nothing will bring James back to life. In addition, the film explores on the theme of sexism revolving around fantasy, which is targeting the female audience. Chang (1) argues Bella’s obsession is Edward who is depicted as the fairest guy in the world. This film further permeates the stereotypes about women that they will fall for any guy who is cute without even digging about his background. And even if they do a research about the background, the physical looks will make them fall for them anyway. The film is prejudiced against women for it depicts them mistaking fantasy for reality and reliving in that state of fantasy and thus sexism, which is femininity indicating that women are weak and objects to be loved, which is a stereotype. Jacob is a realistic character who doubtlessly appeals to the viewers but they sympathize with him because he suffers from rejection by Bella who wants to be with supernatural Edward. This further seems to confirm the stereotype that women love fantasy rather than the reality. In conclusion, analyzing the film Twilight directed by Catherine Hardwicke from the perspective of feminists, she fails in correcting the stereotypes and prejudices depicted of women in a patriarchal society. The film further subordinates women in the society of men and indicates that they would love to live in life of fantasy instead of the realistic life. Catherine Hardwicke, a female director is criticized simply because she explores the feminine aspects in this movie negatively; instead of deconstructing the social constructs against the progress of the women folk in her film, she further perpetuates some of the stereotypes and prejudices against women in the contemporary society. Instead of promoting feminist concepts in this film and breaking down the constructions of the patriarchal society, Hardwicke ironically promotes anti-feminist concepts. Work cited Chang, Justin. Twilight. November 19, 2008. May 11, 2010. Jones, Amelia. The Feminism and visual culture reader. London: Routledge, 2003. Twilight. Dir. Catherine Hardwicke. Prod. Greg Mooradian, Mark Morgan and Wyck Godfrey. DVD. Summit Entertainment, 2008.

The Chosen †A Story Of Suffering

The Chosen – A Story Of Suffering Free Online Research Papers In the book, The Chosen, written by Chaim Potok, the theme of suffering is of great significance. This theme is illustrated throughout the book, with a variety of different events that take place. The theme of suffering is most well explained in the story, when a little blind boy named Billy has an unsuccessful eye surgery, when Danny’s father raises Danny in silence, when hundreds of Jews die in Europe, and when Reuvan’s dad has a heart attack. These four events, although some are more obvious than the others, illustrate suffering in a way, to which almost anyone can relate. Suffering is everywhere and therefore, the theme of suffering in The Chosen, is something worth understanding and interpreting. Danny’s father raising Danny in silence was on of the biggest issues in the book where the theme of suffering showed up. Danny was a Hasid, who at first, was hated by Reuvan, but then later became friends with him. As Reuvan got to know Danny more, he learned that Danny’s father raised him in silence. Reuvan thought that â€Å" Danny’s father, with his bizarre silencewhich Reuvan still couldn’t understand, no matter how often he thought about was torturing Danny’s soul† (Potok 263). Danny didn’t like the silence at all, even though he still loved his father. It was making him suffer because he wanted to be a psychologist, and break the tradition his father treasured greatly, of becoming a rabbi. There was no way for Danny to communicate to his father because of the awkward silence, which lay between them. He had to suffer by keeping all his wishes to himself, afraid of hurting his father. The anxiety and the fear, which Danny felt wh en he chose his own ways and followed his own will, was a great deal of suffering. He knew that he would have to tell his father someday that he wanted to be a psychologist instead of a rabbi, and this tortured him. Him refusing to be the next rabbi wouldn’t only hurt him, but also all the Hasid people who were looking up to him and his family. Danny would have to disappoint them all, and this was very hard for him. On top of his father’s bizarre silence, the fact that one day he would have to break his father’s heart made him worry and suffer even more. At the end of the book when Danny’s father, filled with pain and disappointment, finally agreed to let Danny do whatever he wants, Reuvan observed Danny, who was sitting next to his father. He saw that â€Å"Danny sat with his right hand over his eyes, his glasses pushed up on his forehead. Danny was crying silently, his shoulders quivering† (Potok 331). Danny had to let out all the pain he was car rying around all these years. He felt sorry when he realized that he just destroyed all his father’s work, of bringing him up in silence, to make him a good rabbi. He realized that his father wanted him to know how it felt to suffer and that was why he brought him up in silence. His father wanted to make out of him, a rabbi, who could take all his peoples’ suffering and carry it on his own shoulders. The silence Danny was raised in seemed cruel and painful, but after all, that was the whole point. The whole point in raising Danny in silence was for him to understand and get used to feeling pain, and look for answers in his own soul. Feeling pain, and suffering was also illustrated in this story through the unsuccessful eye surgery of a young boy. This little boy, Billy, was someone Reuvan had met when he went to the hospital because of an eye accident. Billy had the bed on the right side of Reuvan in the hospital, and that was how Reuvan got to know him. The little boy was blind in both eyes and was waiting for a surgery, which was supposed to give him his eyesight back. Weeks later after Reuvan left the hospital, he suddenly thought about Billy and remembered that his eye surgery had already taken place, and so he called Billy’s father. Billy’s eye surgery was not successful. This gave Reuvan a huge shock. While he was on the phone still, hearing the bad news, â€Å"He felt himself break out into a cold sweat. The hand holding the phone began to tremble and he had to push the phone against his face to keep it steady† (Potok 205) After experiencing how it felt to have no sight for a while in one eye, Reuvan felt the pain which Billy was probably going through right now. When Reuvan had surgery on one eye, he wasn’t supposed to read or do any of those things which he so enjoyed doing. After he heard about Billy’s eyes he realized how much Billy suffered. Reuvan suffered a great deal when he couldn’t read for a few weeks, but Billy had never had the chance to read .Billy had never even seen the world, or his own parents. Billy had always suffered. This is when Reuvan realized how lucky he was that his eye got better. Reuvan shared in Billy’s pain because he knew how it felt like to be blind, although not completely blind. Billy’s unsuccessful eye surgery helped open Reuvan’s eyes and he saw from Billy’s perspective, how it was like to suffer. When some Jewish people suffered, other Jews took part in their suffering as well. The Chosen took place in the time of war in Europe when so many Jews got killed. Millions of Jews were killed in the War and the rabbis and Jews in America were sharing in their suffering. Danny says this when Reuvan asks him why his dad just randomly cries every now and then, â€Å" ‘ Six million Jews have died†¦I think he’s thinking of them. He’s suffering for them’† ( Potok 237). Reb Saunders suffers for the Jews by crying for them. After all, it was his job. Because he was a Hasidic rabbi, his job was to carry his peoples’ burden. Six million Jews died, and so many were being persecuted. They were being thrown into concentration camps, and forced to work. The suffering in Europe at this time was just unbearable. Families were torn apart, and people were killed in gas chambers, and put into furnaces. This suffering of the Jewish people was a reason why Reb Saunders wanted Danny to be a Rabbi so bad. Danny could carry all the suffering if he was the rabbi. All the Jewish people were dying out, and now it was the responsibility of the Jews in America to â€Å"†¦replace the treasures they have lost† (Potok 228). They now needed more rabbis and leaders to lead the Jews in replacing what they lost. If the Jews in America didn’t do anything about it, then the Jews would die as a people, and this was a really big reason why it was so important for Danny to become a rabbi. The Jewish people were all dying off, and someone had to do something. This was suffering both for the Jews who were actually in Europe and for the Jews who now had the responsibility to replace all the Jews they lost and keep Jewish tradition alive. This Jewish suffering was a very big issue in The Chosen , that really underlined the theme of suffering in the overall book. Reuvans father having heart attacks underlined the theme of suffering as well. His dad â€Å"†¦collapsed at a Jewish National Fund meeting and was rushed to the Brooklyn Memorial Hospital by ambulance. He hovered tenuously between life and death for three days†( Potok 287). Earlier in the story, Reuvan’s father had a heart attack, and during the time he was in the hospital, Reuvan stayed at Danny’s, but this time, he and Danny weren’t even aloud to talk to each other because of Reb Saunders. This was a time of suffering for Reuvan because his dad just had his second heart attack and was in a critical situation for three days. He was alone at home for weeks before his dad got better, and he studied Talmud and did his work all by himself, without his dad. I lived in a nightmare of hallucinatory dread, and if it hadn’t been for Manya constantly reminding me with gentle kindness that I had to eat or I would get sick, I might well have starved. Now, that’s how bad his situation was. Reuvan was lonely and he was hallucinating, and what could be worse? His dad got better though, but still, he went through a lot with not being able to talk to Danny about it, and staying home all alone all the time. His father’s heart attack was really hard on Reuvan, and he suffered and worked hard on the Talmud without his dad being there to help. The Chosen was a book which teaches people to love each other and share in each others suffering. The book also gives a good insight into the Hasidic traditions and culture. From reading this book, one can understand how strict and how traditional the Hassid were. They still wore dark clothes and had ear locks, and the son of a rabbi traditionally had to be the next rabbi. Most importantly, it showed how silence can be very painful, and how people are not thankful for what they have until they lose it. It showed how people suffered for each other. Now days not very many people are willing to carry the burdens of others, even if it is the burden of one’s friend. The Chosen hopefully inspires people to help others. The theme of suffering was of great significance in this book, and from reading it, a lot of good thingy can be gained. Research Papers on The Chosen - A Story Of SufferingPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyMind TravelQuebec and CanadaComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Honest Iagos Truth through DeceptionEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenWhere Wild and West MeetThe Masque of the Red Death Room meanings